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Normal CSF FACTS
Reading time: 1 Minute80% brain parenchyma, 10% cerebrospinal fluid, and 10% blood. Average intracranial volume 1700 ml Average brain volume 1200-1400 ml The normal color of CSF Clear, Colorless Average CSF volume 70-160 ml (125 ml within the subarachnoid spaces 25 ml within the ventricles) Total CSF Secretion 400 to 600 ml per day…
Causes of Hyponatremia Mnemonic
Reading time: 0 Minute Mnemonic to remember the causes of hyponatremia along with their types: “4 D’s SIADH Can’t Handle Na (Sodium)“ 1. Hypovolemic Hyponatremia (“4 D’s”): Dehydration (e.g., excessive sweating, burns) Diuretics (e.g., thiazides) Diarrhea (e.g., GI losses) Drains (e.g., nasogastric suction) 2. Euvolemic Hyponatremia (“SIADH”): SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone) Insufficient cortisol…
Cerebellar signs Mnemonic
Reading time: 0 MinuteCerebellar signs Mnemonic is DANISH: Dysdiadochokinesia or dysmetria Ataxia Nystagmus Intention tremor Speech (slurred or scanning) Hypotonia
ADRENOCORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY QUESTIONS
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Quick tips to Interpret X ray chest PA view
Reading time: 3 MinutesInterpreting X-ray Chest PA view in a short time can be confusing and there lies a strong possibility of missing important findings while interpreting it. This may lead to losing numbers in table viva. Therefore below is a simple approach – how to interpret the x-ray chest PA view. …
